Goldstein A.L.
Editor's note
Goldstein's own four-decade overview of thymosin alpha-1 — approved abroad as Zadaxin for hepatitis B/C, sepsis, and as an oncology adjuvant. Useful framing for what the peptide is actually doing immunologically; the US clinical-trial column remains thin.
Related literature
Khavinson V.Kh., Bondarev I.E., Butyugov A.A.
Khavinson's foundational paper claiming epithalon upregulates telomerase in human somatic cells. Provocative, Soviet-school methodology, repeatedly cited and rarely replicated outside the original group — read it knowing both.
Yoshino M. et al.
Ten weeks of 250 mg/day NMN in 25 prediabetic women improved insulin-stimulated glucose disposal by 25±7% — comparable to a major weight loss. No effect on body weight, blood pressure, lipids, or hepatic fat. The most-cited piece of human NMN data; small, female-only, single-site.
Martens C.R. et al.
The crossover trial that became the floor for every NR claim. 1,000 mg/day for six weeks safely raised whole-blood NAD+ — but the secondary outcomes (blood pressure, arterial stiffness, performance) moved only modestly. Confirms biology, not clinical benefit.
Cobb L.J. et al.
The Cohen/Barzilai group's case that circulating humanin tracks with biological age and falls in disease states. Mostly observational human data plus mechanistic mouse work; humanin therapeutics in humans don't yet exist outside trial protocols.
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